The cultivation of cannabis is both a science and an art. It requires an understanding of the plant’s growth stages and meticulous attention to its needs. If you are a beginner taking the first steps in cannabis growing, understanding these stages is the key to a fruitful harvest. From using feminized seeds to airing your cure jars, this article offers practice advice for each phase of cannabis plant growth.
Table of Contents
Stage 1: Germination (1-7 days)
The journey of a cannabis plant begins with a tiny seed. During this crucial phase, the dormant cannabis seed awakens and begins to sprout. This process is triggered when the seed is exposed to moisture, heat, and darkness. To initiate the germination process, many growers soak the seeds in water for 24-48 hours. Next, place them in a damp paper towel or directly into a peat pellet, maintaining darkness and a consistent temperature between 68-77°F. To prevent rot, keep the seeds moist but not overly wet. Germination is successful when a tiny taproot breaks out of the seed casing.
Stage 2: Seedling (2 weeks – 1 month)
Post germination, the seedlings emerge, sporting their first pair of round “seed leaves” or cotyledons. This stage requires careful attention, as seedlings are vulnerable to environmental stress and can be easily damaged by overwatering or high-intensity light. As the plant grows, it begins to produce its first sets of true leaves, which (unlike the cotyledons) have serrated edges. Maintaining moderate light intensity and a stable temperature is essential. A well-draining medium is crucial at this stage to prevent waterlogged conditions, which could lead to root rot. You should also be cautious of nutrient burn.
Stage 3: Vegetative Stage (3 weeks – 8 weeks)
The vegetative stage is the period of growth where cannabis plants display rapid growth of leaves and stems. During the vegetative stage, cannabis plants require a minimum of 18 hours of light per day. The nutrient demand during this phase is high, especially for nitrogen. It is important to monitor the pH levels of your growing medium and adjust as necessary to ensure proper nutrient uptake. Be on the lookout for pests, nutrient deficiencies, or signs of diseases such as yellowing or curling leaves. Techniques such as pruning and training can also be applied during this stage to optimize growth and yield.
Stage 4: Pre-flowering Phase (1-2 weeks)
Before the onset of flowering, cannabis plants undergo a short transitional pre-flowering phase. The stage is usually induced by adjusting the light cycle to 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness to mimic the coming of fall. During this period, cannabis plants reveal their sex: male plants develop pollen sacs while females produce wispy white pistils. Growers must identify and remove male plants to prevent them from pollinating the females, which lead to seeded buds rather than the desired seedless or “sinsemilla” buds. To save yourself the trouble and maximize yields, you can purchase feminized seeds, which guarantee that the plants are female.
Stage 5: Flowering Stage (8-11 weeks)
The flowering stage is a rewarding time as female plants start producing buds. During this stage, female plants require a shift in nutrient balance: less nitrogen and more phosphorous and potassium to aid in bud development. Vertical growth slows down, with energy focused on budding. Growers must regularly check for issues like nutrient imbalances—visible as leaf discoloration—and pest infestations, particularly budworms. Maintaining humidity levels below 50% is vital to prevent bud mold as well. The flowering stage concludes when the buds reach peak maturity, determined by observing the pistils and trichomes.
Stage 6: Harvest
The harvest stage is the culminating point in the life cycle of a cannabis plant but harvesting too early or late can affect potency and yield. Determining the optimal time to harvest requires careful observation and experience. When a majority of the pistils have darkened and curled inwards and the trichomes on the buds change from a clear to a milky white color, it signals the right time for harvesting. Care must be taken during the harvesting process to prevent damage to the delicate buds. Growers can start by cutting branches off one at a time, then trimming the buds using sharp and sterile scissors.
Stage 7: Drying and Curing (2 weeks – 2 months)
The drying and curing stage is the final yet crucial phase in the cannabis growth cycle. Drying involves hanging the harvested buds or branches upside down in a cool, dark room with good air circulation. The temperature should be maintained around 68°F with relative humidity at about 50%. Once adequately dried, the buds are then trimmed of any remaining leaves and placed in airtight glass jars for curing. This allows any remaining moisture to slowly escape, enhancing flavor and potency. Open the jars once daily for the first week to allow for air exchange and to check for any signs of mold.
Cultivating cannabis from seed to harvest is a rewarding journey. While it is complex, nothing compares to the enjoyment of a crop grown by your very own hands. From germination to curing, every stage in the growth process presents its challenges. By paying close attention to the needs of your plants, you can refine your growing methods and enjoy a bountiful harvest of high-quality cannabis.
